How did this mislabeling happen?
Our story begins with the early hebrews. As a people, the hebrews struggled to create and then maintain their social and religious identity in a harsh environment during a period in which they were embroiled in repeated wars. The hebrews believed they were a people chosen by their deity, called Yahweh, as we can see, for example, in Genesis 12:3.
Before Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt, he tells Pharaoh that the plagues are coming "so that you may know that the lord makes a distinction between the Egyptians and Israel" (Exodus 11:7). From Moses' perspective, Israel is favored by Yahweh, and those outside of Israel (the Egyptians) are not. We can characterize this perspective as an "insiders and outsiders" or "us and them" worldview.
This worldview develops as a prominent theme throughout the collection of hebrew writings we know as the old testament. The sixth and seventh century B.C.E. prophets carry the theme even further. These prophets suddenly substitute descriptions of Israel's enemies with the enemy's deities, specifically their monsters and demons. That is, instead of referring to their enemy as this or that tribe or city, they refer to them as monsters. Their enemies are no longer people, then, but demons who must be crushed. This process is called demonization.
In that same period, the jews characterize the religious beliefs and observances of their non-jewish neighbors as "abominations" (Deuteronomy 18:9), and describe them as "fortune telling, soothsaying, charms, divining, casting of spells, oracles, and consulting with ghosts and spirits of the dead" (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). The jewish writers overlook the fact, however, that their own religious practices involve prophesying by oracles who frequently consult dead leaders and prophets, and who do indeed tell the fortunes and future of others. What would be labeled as the casting of spells - such as sending a plague of locusts - when done by an outsider, is considered a miracle from god when accomplished by an insider.
One problem with the "us and them" worldview is that it frequently condemns the behavior of outsiders and glorifies that of insiders, even when the behavior is exactly the same.
One of the first ways satan is portrayed in hebrew literature is as the principle of opposition, or an obstruction to a goal. For example, in numbers 22:22-25, we are told the story of Balaam who gets on his donkey and heads in a direction Yahweh doesn't want him to go. Yahweh sends satan, his loyal servant, to stand in the road and turn the animal aside, which satan does. Many versions of the bible mistranslate "satan" as "angel," but the hebrew word used in this story is le-satan-lo.
Keeping with the theme of opposition and obstacle, satan is used again in 1 chroniciles 21:1 when King David orders the taxation of his people. The scripture says, "The satan stood up against Israel and incited David to number the people." Here we see an unpopular action demonized even though performed by Israel's own king.
By the first and second centuries C.E., we see the formation of a few separatist jewish sects who remove themselves from mainstream jewish culture, usually to live jewish laws more "purely." The Essenes are an example of such a group. The writings of these separatist groups characterize jews not belonging to the sect as "satans", accuse them of being in apostasy, and of being seduced by evil. For the first time we see jews demonizing other jews. The more these sects separated themselves from mainstream culture, the more extreme they became. In time, their writings give satan more prominence, make him into a personified figure, and assign him several different histories.
These histories often place satan in the position of an angel who engages in combat with heavenly forces and loses.
Not surprisingly, the tendency to describe the world as a heavenly combat zone continues into the christian gospels. The early christians are, after all, considered by some historians to have initially been a jewish separatist sect. The gospels, particularly Mathew and Luke, protray Jesus' life and ministry as a cosmic struggle between the forces of good and evil. Satan and his forces are a war with Yawheh and Jesus, and they conspire to bring about Jesus' destruction and crucifixion. Satan is also given as the cause of conflict between Jesus and the jewish leadership.
So I can go on and on and on with how then the christians then accused other christians labeling them as heretics, and how the Romans where then labeled as demons because they believed in many deities and as the years go by the German witches (mid-wives) as they where called where then killed for they didn't believe in christianity or wanted to follow it.
So by ousting out other faith systems and going as far as trying to kill them because of their beliefs has pushed the mediterrenean mythologies to the point of fearing them or die. Today they still have a major impact in the world finding ways to try to gain membership.
Christians even found a way to persecute other christians when a writer Irenaeus produced his massive five-volume work on heretics titled "Against Heretics". A heretic, according to Irenaeus, is a fellow Christian whose views differ from the consenus and is therefore an agent of satan." For the first time, we see the word "heretic" in christian literature and the beginning of demonization of christians by other christians. Irenaeus states that hereitic literally means "choice" and a heretic is "one who makes choices." He states that making choices is evil, and suggests that church leaders who want to eliminate heresy must not allow people to ask questions, for it is questions that make people heretics.
So many people at the time weren't allowed to ask questions. They simply have to accept what the bible had to say or their church leaders. If questioned they would be labeled a heretic.
Fortunately, today we can practice other spiritual belief systems without fearing to be slaughtered for it. We can ask questions as much as we want and make our own conclusions regardless of what others think of us later. So if you wish to follow a different spiritual path then do it. Afterall, it is most important that you are happy with the choices you make. Let them call you a heretic, embezzle, infidel, or other names. If it happens just use that famous "block" button on your Mingle2 options and don't pay them any mind.
Edited by
smiless
on Wed 07/22/09 08:09 AM